(Environmental Sustainability)
Moheeti istehsaalat ek azeem mas’ala hai jise insaniyat aaj ke dor mein mutharik hai. Naslan barhne ke sath sath, insani fa’alat mein izafahat ne hamare planet ke natural wasail ke mustaqbil par sawalat utha diye hain. Duniya ke koi bhi hisse ko ab insani fa’alat ya alodgi ke asarat se chhuta nahi hai. Insani abadi ki intehai izafahat aur per capita istemaal mein izafahat ne natural wasail par bara bojh daal diya hai.
Iske ilawa, shehron ka ban’na, san’ati ban’na, aur jadeed zira’ati tariqay ne duniya bhar mein paani, hawa aur zameen ko aalood kar dia hai. Natural wasail ko sirf istemaal kiya ja raha hai balki unko zeharile chemical se bhi mehroom kar dia gaya hai, jo mustaqbil ki naslon ke liye zindagi ko mushkil bana raha hai.
Greenhouse gases ki barhti hui nikaal ka asar duniya par gehra asar daal raha hai, aur United States Development Authority (USDA) aur Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) ki tajaweezaat ke mutabiq, is se 2050 tak temperature mein 02 °C tak izafahat hone ka imkan hai. Iska asar dikhne wala hai ke global warming ke asar se barafani chotay chotay sahilon aur polar baraf doosre sadi se 2–3 martaba zyada tezi se pighal rahi hai. Tajaweez ke mutabiq, dunya ab tak ek azim biodiversity ke nuksan ka dor se guzar rahi hai, jiska asar anjaane aur naqabil andaza hai. Ek report ke mutabiq, insani wajah se paida shuda jandar aur podon ki qisamain ab waqt ke pichle natural darje se hazaron martaba zyada tezi se nasht ho rahi hain, aur ma’amla yeh hai ke qareeb ane wale dor mein ye hazaron martaba zyada ho sakti hai. Misal ke tor par, jis tezi se coral reefs khatam ho rahe hain, us se unki poori tarah se khatma hone ka andesha hai aur sath hi sath unke sath kuch aur qisam ke jandaron ka bhi nafrat hai.
Short term faiday ko nishana banane ke liye, insaniyat ne natural nizamon ko tezi se tabah kar dia hai. Lekin mahsus karna mushkil hai ke insani fa’alat ka ecology par kya asar hai, arthashstra aur mukhtalif hayati jandaron ki zindagi ke liye. Haan, technology bhi tezi se taraqqi kar rahi hai, lekin phir bhi hamare paas woh log hain jo normal taur par bade hone ya zindagi basar karne ke liye kafi calori nahi le pa rahe hain. Hamare paas pani peene ke liye, saaf hawa ke liye aur zameen ki degrade hone ki mazeed pareshaniyon ke liye mas’alaat hain. 2050 tak, saline soils mein 50% izafah hoga aur zameen ki degrade hone ne duniya ke lagbhag har mumalik ko asar daal dia hai. Insani abadi 2050 tak 27 billion tan municipal solid waste paida karegi jo ke technology ke zariye is ka izafah karna mushkil hoga, aur microorganisms ka kirdar bhi behad ahem hoga. Ghair-tutne wale kachre ki miqdar minute by minute barh rahi hai aur kuch khatarnak recalcitrants khoraak chains mein ikhatta ho rahe hain aur natural wasail ki aaloodgi aur jandaron ki nasl ke naqais ko barha rahe hain, insano ko nuqsaan pohnchane ke alawa. Haali mein Scientific Reports mein shaya hui report ke mutabiq, ek “Great Pacific Garbage Patch” naam ka plastic waste mass Pacific ocean ke surface par 1.6 million km2 ke size mein tair raha hai, jise Texas ke size ka dugna qarar dia gaya hai. Plastics bhi zameen par aur pani bodies mein aaj tak ki tezi se ikhatta ho rahe hain, aur hamein in nuksandeh insano ki jadoojehad ke liye jaldi se kisi doosre hal ki talash karni chahiye.
Insani fa’alat ka mahaul par asar ka dauranay ka dauranay par baar baar tajaweez karne ka buhat maqami lehaz zaroori hai. Sab se taza technologies aur tools ka istemal haalaat ka jaiza lene mein madad karte hain, lekin zaroorat hai ke ham kuchh hali solutions bhi dhoondhein. Biotechnology aur green technologies is masle ka hal dene mein madad kar rahi hain. Scientists green fuels aur novel energy sources banane ke liye kaam kar rahe hain jo petroleum products ko badal sakti hain aur green energy faraham kar sakti hain taki greenhouse gases ke nikaal ko kam kiya ja sake. Isi tarah, pollutants, organic waste aur contaminated sites ka management biotechnological tools ki madad se kiya ja raha hai. Bioremediation bhi ek bohat ahem task hai jo microorganisms aur phytoremediation techniques ka istemal karke moutalla ki jati hai. Khadamat suraahi aham mas’ala hai jo microorganisms ka istemal karke aur biopesticides aur biostimulants se chemicals ko badal kar haasil ki ja rahi hai. Jandar aur podon ki zindagi ke liye zameen ki barkat aur microbial diversity ko barqarar rakhne ke liye sustainable agriculture ab tak mukammal nahi hui hai, kyun ke duniya bhar mein nuksandeh aur muzir agro-chemicals market ko apne bas mein le chuke hain aur is ne aik worldwide asar daal dia hai. Sustainable agriculture aur organic farming scientists ke liye aane wale dour ka sab se bada target hai aur pehle se hi barah-e-raast nataij darust